Analysis of Letter from Birmingham by Martin Luther King Jr. Essay

Analysis of Letter from Birmingham by Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Jr., is one of the most recognized, if not the greatest civil rights activist in this century. He has written papers and given speeches on the civil rights movement, but one piece stands out as one of his best writings. â€Å"Letter from Birmingham† was an intriguing letter written by King in jail in the city of Birmingham, Alabama. He was responding to a letter written by eight Alabama Clergyman that was published in a Birmingham Alabama newspaper in 1963 regarding the demonstrations that were occurring to stop segregation. The intended audience for this letter was of course the eight clergymen, but he also had a wider audience in mind because instead of sending each individual man a letter he had it published in the local newspaper. In his letter, King starts by addressing the clergyman with â€Å"My Dear Fellow Clergyman† as if to put the men at ease and keep them open-minded. In the first paragraph King states that he does not usually respond to such correspondence, but compliments them by saying that since they are genuinely good men, then he would respond to their criticisms by writing this letter. In the second paragraph, he addresses the â€Å"outsider† issue. In the letter written by the clergyman they say (like it was something new), that they were now facing demonstrations led by outsiders (King). King wants them to know that he is not really an outsider but the president of The Southe...

Angels Demons Chapter 58-61

58 â€Å"Seven-forty-six and thirty†¦ mark.† Even speaking into his walkie-talkie, Olivetti's voice never seemed to rise above a whisper. Langdon felt himself sweating now in his Harris tweed in the backseat of the Alpha Romeo, which was idling in Piazza de la Concorde, three blocks from the Pantheon. Vittoria sat beside him, looking engrossed by Olivetti, who was transmitting his final orders. â€Å"Deployment will be an eight-point hem,† the commander said. â€Å"Full perimeter with a bias on the entry. Target may know you visually, so you will be pas-visible. Nonmortal force only. We'll need someone to spot the roof. Target is primary. Asset secondary.† Jesus, Langdon thought, chilled by the efficiency with which Olivetti had just told his men the cardinal was expendable. Asset secondary. â€Å"I repeat. Nonmortal procurement. We need the target alive. Go.† Olivetti snapped off his walkie-talkie. Vittoria looked stunned, almost angry. â€Å"Commander, isn't anyone going inside?† Olivetti turned. â€Å"Inside?† â€Å"Inside the Pantheon! Where this is supposed to happen?† â€Å"Attento,† Olivetti said, his eyes fossilizing. â€Å"If my ranks have been infiltrated, my men may be known by sight. Your colleague has just finished warning me that this will be our sole chance to catch the target. I have no intention of scaring anyone off by marching my men inside.† â€Å"But what if the killer is already inside?† Olivetti checked his watch. â€Å"The target was specific. Eight o'clock. We have fifteen minutes.† â€Å"He said he would kill the cardinal at eight o'clock. But he may already have gotten the victim inside somehow. What if your men see the target come out but don't know who he is? Someone needs to make sure the inside is clean.† â€Å"Too risky at this point.† â€Å"Not if the person going in was unrecognizable.† â€Å"Disguising operatives is time consuming and – â€Å" â€Å"I meant me,† Vittoria said. Langdon turned and stared at her. Olivetti shook his head. â€Å"Absolutely not.† â€Å"He killed my father.† â€Å"Exactly, so he may know who you are.† â€Å"You heard him on the phone. He had no idea Leonardo Vetra even had a daughter. He sure as hell doesn't know what I look like. I could walk in like a tourist. If I see anything suspicious, I could walk into the square and signal your men to move in.† â€Å"I'm sorry, I cannot allow that.† â€Å"Comandante?† Olivetti's receiver crackled. â€Å"We've got a situation from the north point. The fountain is blocking our line of sight. We can't see the entrance unless we move into plain view on the piazza. What's your call? Do you want us blind or vulnerable?† Vittoria apparently had endured enough. â€Å"That's it. I'm going.† She opened her door and got out. Olivetti dropped his walkie-talkie and jumped out of the car, circling in front of Vittoria. Langdon got out too. What the hell is she doing! Olivetti blocked Vittoria's way. â€Å"Ms. Vetra, your instincts are good, but I cannot let a civilian interfere.† â€Å"Interfere? You're flying blind. Let me help.† â€Å"I would love to have a recon point inside, but†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"But what?† Vittoria demanded. â€Å"But I'm a woman?† Olivetti said nothing. â€Å"That had better not be what you were going to say, Commander, because you know damn well this is a good idea, and if you let some archaic macho bullshit – â€Å" â€Å"Let us do our job.† â€Å"Let me help.† â€Å"Too dangerous. We would have no lines of communication with you. I can't let you carry a walkie-talkie, it would give you away.† Vittoria reached in her shirt pocket and produced her cell phone. â€Å"Plenty of tourists carry phones.† Olivetti frowned. Vittoria unsnapped the phone and mimicked a call. â€Å"Hi, honey, I'm standing in the Pantheon. You should see this place!† She snapped the phone shut and glared at Olivetti. â€Å"Who the hell is going to know? It is a no-risk situation. Let me be your eyes!† She motioned to the cell phone on Olivetti's belt. â€Å"What's your number?† Olivetti did not reply. The driver had been looking on and seemed to have some thoughts of his own. He got out of the car and took the commander aside. They spoke in hushed tones for ten seconds. Finally Olivetti nodded and returned. â€Å"Program this number.† He began dictating digits. Vittoria programmed her phone. â€Å"Now call the number.† Vittoria pressed the auto dial. The phone on Olivetti's belt began ringing. He picked it up and spoke into the receiver. â€Å"Go into the building, Ms. Vetra, look around, exit the building, then call and tell me what you see.† Vittoria snapped the phone shut. â€Å"Thank you, sir.† Langdon felt a sudden, unexpected surge of protective instinct. â€Å"Wait a minute,† he said to Olivetti. â€Å"You're sending her in there alone.† Vittoria scowled at him. â€Å"Robert, I'll be fine.† The Swiss Guard driver was talking to Olivetti again. â€Å"It's dangerous,† Langdon said to Vittoria. â€Å"He's right,† Olivetti said. â€Å"Even my best men don't work alone. My lieutenant has just pointed out that the masquerade will be more convincing with both of you anyway.† Both of us? Langdon hesitated. Actually, what I meant – â€Å"Both of you entering together,† Olivetti said, â€Å"will look like a couple on holiday. You can also back each other up. I'm more comfortable with that.† Vittoria shrugged. â€Å"Fine, but we'll need to go fast.† Langdon groaned. Nice move, cowboy. Olivetti pointed down the street. â€Å"First street you hit will be Via degli Orfani. Go left. It takes you directly to the Pantheon. Two-minute walk, tops. I'll be here, directing my men and waiting for your call. I'd like you to have protection.† He pulled out his pistol. â€Å"Do either of you know how to use a gun?† Langdon's heart skipped. We don't need a gun! Vittoria held her hand out. â€Å"I can tag a breaching porpoise from forty meters off the bow of a rocking ship.† â€Å"Good.† Olivetti handed the gun to her. â€Å"You'll have to conceal it.† Vittoria glanced down at her shorts. Then she looked at Langdon. Oh no you don't! Langdon thought, but Vittoria was too fast. She opened his jacket, and inserted the weapon into one of his breast pockets. It felt like a rock dropping into his coat, his only consolation being that Diagramma was in the other pocket. â€Å"We look harmless,† Vittoria said. â€Å"We're leaving.† She took Langdon's arm and headed down the street. The driver called out, â€Å"Arm in arm is good. Remember, you're tourists. Newlyweds even. Perhaps if you held hands?† As they turned the corner Langdon could have sworn he saw on Vittoria's face the hint of a smile. 59 The Swiss Guard â€Å"staging room† is located adjacent to the Corpo di Vigilanza barracks and is used primarily for planning the security surrounding papal appearances and public Vatican events. Today, however, it was being used for something else. The man addressing the assembled task force was the second-in-command of the Swiss Guard, Captain Elias Rocher. Rocher was a barrel-chested man with soft, puttylike features. He wore the traditional blue captain's uniform with his own personal flair – a red beret cocked sideways on his head. His voice was surprisingly crystalline for such a large man, and when he spoke, his tone had the clarity of a musical instrument. Despite the precision of his inflection, Rocher's eyes were cloudy like those of some nocturnal mammal. His men called him â€Å"orso† – grizzly bear. They sometimes joked that Rocher was â€Å"the bear who walked in the viper's shadow.† Commander Olivetti was the viper. Rocher was just as deadly as the viper, but at least you could see him coming. Rocher's men stood at sharp attention, nobody moving a muscle, although the information they had just received had increased their aggregate blood pressure by a few thousand points. Rookie Lieutenant Chartrand stood in the back of the room wishing he had been among the 99 percent of applicants who had not qualified to be here. At twenty years old, Chartrand was the youngest guard on the force. He had been in Vatican City only three months. Like every man there, Chartrand was Swiss Army trained and had endured two years of additional ausbilding in Bern before qualifying for the grueling Vatican prva held in a secret barracks outside of Rome. Nothing in his training, however, had prepared him for a crisis like this. At first Chartrand thought the briefing was some sort of bizarre training exercise. Futuristic weapons? Ancient cults? Kidnapped cardinals? Then Rocher had shown them the live video feed of the weapon in question. Apparently this was no exercise. â€Å"We will be killing power in selected areas,† Rocher was saying, â€Å"to eradicate extraneous magnetic interference. We will move in teams of four. We will wear infrared goggles for vision. Reconnaissance will be done with traditional bug sweepers, recalibrated for sub-three-ohm flux fields. Any questions?† None. Chartrand's mind was on overload. â€Å"What if we don't find it in time?† he asked, immediately wishing he had not. The grizzly bear gazed out at him from beneath his red beret. Then he dismissed the group with a somber salute. â€Å"Godspeed, men.† 60 Two blocks from the Pantheon, Langdon and Vittoria approached on foot past a line of taxis, their drivers sleeping in the front seats. Nap time was eternal in the Eternal City – the ubiquitous public dozing a perfected extension of the afternoon siestas born of ancient Spain. Langdon fought to focus his thoughts, but the situation was too bizarre to grasp rationally. Six hours ago he had been sound asleep in Cambridge. Now he was in Europe, caught up in a surreal battle of ancient titans, packing a semiautomatic in his Harris tweed, and holding hands with a woman he had only just met. He looked at Vittoria. She was focused straight ahead. There was a strength in her grasp – that of an independent and determined woman. Her fingers wrapped around his with the comfort of innate acceptance. No hesitation. Langdon felt a growing attraction. Get real, he told himself. Vittoria seemed to sense his uneasiness. â€Å"Relax,† she said, without turning her head. â€Å"We're supposed to look like newlyweds.† â€Å"I'm relaxed.† â€Å"You're crushing my hand.† Langdon flushed and loosened up. â€Å"Breathe through your eyes,† she said. â€Å"I'm sorry?† â€Å"It relaxes the muscles. It's called pranayama.† â€Å"Piranha?† â€Å"Not the fish. Pranayama. Never mind.† As they rounded the corner into Piazza della Rotunda, the Pantheon rose before them. Langdon admired it, as always, with awe. The Pantheon. Temple to all gods. Pagan gods. Gods of Nature and Earth. The structure seemed boxier from the outside than he remembered. The vertical pillars and triangular pronaus all but obscured the circular dome behind it. Still, the bold and immodest inscription over the entrance assured him they were in the right spot. M AGRIPPA L F COS TERTIUM FECIT. Langdon translated it, as always, with amusement. Marcus Agrippa, Consul for the third time, built this. So much for humility, he thought, turning his eyes to the surrounding area. A scattering of tourists with video cameras wandered the area. Others sat enjoying Rome's best iced coffee at La Tazza di Oro's outdoor cafe. Outside the entrance to the Pantheon, four armed Roman policemen stood at attention just as Olivetti had predicted. â€Å"Looks pretty quiet,† Vittoria said. Langdon nodded, but he felt troubled. Now that he was standing here in person, the whole scenario seemed surreal. Despite Vittoria's apparent faith that he was right, Langdon realized he had put everyone on the line here. The Illuminati poem lingered. From Santi's earthly tomb with demon's hole. YES, he told himself. This was the spot. Santi's tomb. He had been here many times beneath the Pantheon's oculus and stood before the grave of the great Raphael. â€Å"What time is it?† Vittoria asked. Langdon checked his watch. â€Å"Seven-fifty. Ten minutes till show time.† â€Å"Hope these guys are good,† Vittoria said, eyeing the scattered tourists entering the Pantheon. â€Å"If anything happens inside that dome, we'll all be in the crossfire.† Langdon exhaled heavily as they moved toward the entrance. The gun felt heavy in his pocket. He wondered what would happen if the policemen frisked him and found the weapon, but the officers did not give them a second look. Apparently the disguise was convincing. Langdon whispered to Vittoria. â€Å"Ever fire anything other than a tranquilizer gun?† â€Å"Don't you trust me?† â€Å"Trust you? I barely know you.† Vittoria frowned. â€Å"And here I thought we were newlyweds.† 61 The air inside the Pantheon was cool and damp, heavy with history. The sprawling ceiling hovered overhead as though weightless – the 141-foot unsupported span larger even than the cupola at St. Peter's. As always, Langdon felt a chill as he entered the cavernous room. It was a remarkable fusion of engineering and art. Above them the famous circular hole in the roof glowed with a narrow shaft of evening sun. The oculus, Langdon thought. The demon's hole. They had arrived. Langdon's eyes traced the arch of the ceiling sloping outward to the columned walls and finally down to the polished marble floor beneath their feet. The faint echo of footfalls and tourist murmurs reverberated around the dome. Langdon scanned the dozen or so tourists wandering aimlessly in the shadows. Are you here? â€Å"Looks pretty quiet,† Vittoria said, still holding his hand. Langdon nodded. â€Å"Where's Raphael's tomb?† Langdon thought for a moment, trying to get his bearings. He surveyed the circumference of the room. Tombs. Altars. Pillars. Niches. He motioned to a particularly ornate funerary across the dome and to the left. â€Å"I think that's Raphael's over there.† Vittoria scanned the rest of the room. â€Å"I don't see anyone who looks like an assassin about to kill a cardinal. Shall we look around?† Langdon nodded. â€Å"There's only one spot in here where anyone could be hiding. We better check the rientranze.† â€Å"The recesses?† â€Å"Yes.† Langdon pointed. â€Å"The recesses in the wall.† Around the perimeter, interspersed with the tombs, a series of semicircular niches were hewn in the wall. The niches, although not enormous, were big enough to hide someone in the shadows. Sadly, Langdon knew they once contained statues of the Olympian gods, but the pagan sculptures had been destroyed when the Vatican converted the Pantheon to a Christian church. He felt a pang of frustration to know he was standing at the first altar of science, and the marker was gone. He wondered which statue it had been, and where it had pointed. Langdon could imagine no greater thrill than finding an Illuminati marker – a statue that surreptitiously pointed the way down the Path of Illumination. Again he wondered who the anonymous Illuminati sculptor had been. â€Å"I'll take the left arc,† Vittoria said, indicating the left half of the circumference. â€Å"You go right. See you in a hundred and eighty degrees.† Langdon smiled grimly. As Vittoria moved off, Langdon felt the eerie horror of the situation seeping back into his mind. As he turned and made his way to the right, the killer's voice seemed to whisper in the dead space around him. Eight o'clock. Virgin sacrifices on the altars of science. A mathematical progression of death. Eight, nine, ten, eleven†¦ and at midnight. Langdon checked his watch: 7:52. Eight minutes. As Langdon moved toward the first recess, he passed the tomb of one of Italy's Catholic kings. The sarcophagus, like many in Rome, was askew with the wall, positioned awkwardly. A group of visitors seemed confused by this. Langdon did not stop to explain. Formal Christian tombs were often misaligned with the architecture so they could lie facing east. It was an ancient superstition that Langdon's Symbology 212 class had discussed just last month. â€Å"That's totally incongruous!† a female student in the front had blurted when Langdon explained the reason for east-facing tombs. â€Å"Why would Christians want their tombs to face the rising sun? We're talking about Christianity†¦ not sun worship!† Langdon smiled, pacing before the blackboard, chewing an apple. â€Å"Mr. Hitzrot!† he shouted. A young man dozing in back sat up with a start. â€Å"What! Me?† Langdon pointed to a Renaissance art poster on the wall. â€Å"Who is that man kneeling before God?† â€Å"Um†¦ some saint?† â€Å"Brilliant. And how do you know he's a saint?† â€Å"He's got a halo?† â€Å"Excellent, and does that golden halo remind you of anything?† Hitzrot broke into a smile. â€Å"Yeah! Those Egyptian things we studied last term. Those†¦ um†¦ sun disks!† â€Å"Thank you, Hitzrot. Go back to sleep.† Langdon turned back to the class. â€Å"Halos, like much of Christian symbology, were borrowed from the ancient Egyptian religion of sun worship. Christianity is filled with examples of sun worship.† â€Å"Excuse me?† the girl in front said. â€Å"I go to church all the time, and I don't see much sun worshiping going on!† â€Å"Really? What do you celebrate on December twenty-fifth?† â€Å"Christmas. The birth of Jesus Christ.† â€Å"And yet according to the Bible, Christ was born in March, so what are we doing celebrating in late December?† Silence. Langdon smiled. â€Å"December twenty-fifth, my friends, is the ancient pagan holiday of sol invictus – Unconquered Sun – coinciding with the winter solstice. It's that wonderful time of year when the sun returns, and the days start getting longer.† Langdon took another bite of apple. â€Å"Conquering religions,† he continued, â€Å"often adopt existing holidays to make conversion less shocking. It's called transmutation. It helps people acclimatize to the new faith. Worshipers keep the same holy dates, pray in the same sacred locations, use a similar symbology†¦ and they simply substitute a different god.† Now the girl in front looked furious. â€Å"You're implying Christianity is just some kind of†¦ repackaged sun worship!† â€Å"Not at all. Christianity did not borrow only from sun worship. The ritual of Christian canonization is taken from the ancient ‘god-making' rite of Euhemerus. The practice of ‘god-eating' – that is, Holy Communion – was borrowed from the Aztecs. Even the concept of Christ dying for our sins is arguably not exclusively Christian; the self-sacrifice of a young man to absolve the sins of his people appears in the earliest tradition of the Quetzalcoatl.† The girl glared. â€Å"So, is anything in Christianity original?† â€Å"Very little in any organized faith is truly original. Religions are not born from scratch. They grow from one another. Modern religion is a collage†¦ an assimilated historical record of man's quest to understand the divine.† â€Å"Um†¦ hold on,† Hitzrot ventured, sounding awake now. â€Å"I know something Christian that's original. How about our image of God? Christian art never portrays God as the hawk sun god, or as an Aztec, or as anything weird. It always shows God as an old man with a white beard. So our image of God is original, right?† Langdon smiled. â€Å"When the early Christian converts abandoned their former deities – pagan gods, Roman gods, Greek, sun, Mithraic, whatever – they asked the church what their new Christian God looked like. Wisely, the church chose the most feared, powerful†¦ and familiar face in all of recorded history.† Hitzrot looked skeptical. â€Å"An old man with a white, flowing beard?† Langdon pointed to a hierarchy of ancient gods on the wall. At the top sat an old man with a white, flowing beard. â€Å"Does Zeus look familiar?† The class ended right on cue. â€Å"Good evening,† a man's voice said. Langdon jumped. He was back in the Pantheon. He turned to face an elderly man in a blue cape with a red cross on the chest. The man gave him a gray-toothed smile. â€Å"You're English, right?† The man's accent was thick Tuscan. Langdon blinked, confused. â€Å"Actually, no. I'm American.† The man looked embarrassed. â€Å"Oh heavens, forgive me. You were so nicely dressed, I just figured†¦ my apologies.† â€Å"Can I help you?† Langdon asked, his heart beating wildly. â€Å"Actually I thought perhaps I could help you. I am the cicerone here.† The man pointed proudly to his city-issued badge. â€Å"It is my job to make your visit to Rome more interesting.† More interesting? Langdon was certain this particular visit to Rome was plenty interesting. â€Å"You look like a man of distinction,† the guide fawned, â€Å"no doubt more interested in culture than most. Perhaps I can give you some history on this fascinating building.† Langdon smiled politely. â€Å"Kind of you, but I'm actually an art historian myself, and – â€Å" â€Å"Superb!† The man's eyes lit up like he'd hit the jackpot. â€Å"Then you will no doubt find this delightful!† â€Å"I think I'd prefer to – â€Å" â€Å"The Pantheon,† the man declared, launching into his memorized spiel, â€Å"was built by Marcus Agrippa in 27 B.C.† â€Å"Yes,† Langdon interjected, â€Å"and rebuilt by Hadrian in 119 A.D.† â€Å"It was the world's largest free-standing dome until 1960 when it was eclipsed by the Superdome in New Orleans!† Langdon groaned. The man was unstoppable. â€Å"And a fifth-century theologian once called the Pantheon the House of the Devil, warning that the hole in the roof was an entrance for demons!† Langdon blocked him out. His eyes climbed skyward to the oculus, and the memory of Vittoria's suggested plot flashed a bone-numbing image in his mind†¦ a branded cardinal falling through the hole and hitting the marble floor. Now that would be a media event. Langdon found himself scanning the Pantheon for reporters. None. He inhaled deeply. It was an absurd idea. The logistics of pulling off a stunt like that would be ridiculous. As Langdon moved off to continue his inspection, the babbling docent followed like a love-starved puppy. Remind me, Langdon thought to himself, there's nothing worse than a gung ho art historian. Across the room, Vittoria was immersed in her own search. Standing all alone for the first time since she had heard the news of her father, she felt the stark reality of the last eight hours closing in around her. Her father had been murdered – cruelly and abruptly. Almost equally painful was that her father's creation had been corrupted – now a tool of terrorists. Vittoria was plagued with guilt to think that it was her invention that had enabled the antimatter to be transported†¦ her canister that was now counting down inside the Vatican. In an effort to serve her father's quest for the simplicity of truth†¦ she had become a conspirator of chaos. Oddly, the only thing that felt right in her life at the moment was the presence of a total stranger. Robert Langdon. She found an inexplicable refuge in his eyes†¦ like the harmony of the oceans she had left behind early that morning. She was glad he was there. Not only had he been a source of strength and hope for her, Langdon had used his quick mind to render this one chance to catch her father's killer. Vittoria breathed deeply as she continued her search, moving around the perimeter. She was overwhelmed by the unexpected images of personal revenge that had dominated her thoughts all day. Even as a sworn lover of all life†¦ she wanted this executioner dead. No amount of good karma could make her turn the other cheek today. Alarmed and electrified, she sensed something coursing through her Italian blood that she had never felt before†¦ the whispers of Sicilian ancestors defending family honor with brutal justice. Vendetta, Vittoria thought, and for the first time in her life understood. Visions of reprisal spurred her on. She approached the tomb of Raphael Santi. Even from a distance she could tell this guy was special. His casket, unlike the others, was protected by a Plexiglas shield and recessed into the wall. Through the barrier she could see the front of the sarcophagus. Raphael Santi 1483-1520 Vittoria studied the grave and then read the one-sentence descriptive plaque beside Raphael's tomb. Then she read it again. Then†¦ she read it again. A moment later, she was dashing in horror across the floor. â€Å"Robert! Robert!†

Free Will Essay examples - 636 Words

Free Will Everything that happens has a cause and every cause has an effect. Effect strictly follows cause every time. This is an necessary logical tool for humans in understanding the world around them. Because humans understand the concept of time it means that they can then understand that some things always happen after other things. Spotting these patterns allows them to then deliberately cause certain effects by mimicking or instigating the cause they had previously observed. If effect did not follow cause reliably each and every time then it would become very difficult to survive as we learn from repeated exposure to cause and effect what is likely to happen if we do X.†¦show more content†¦Surely the simplest explanation is that cause and effect simply do exist. Is everything we will ever think or do pre-determined? Were all of the great works of creation in art music and architecture pre-determined at the point of creation? Again this argument seems both unsatisfactory and false. So how do we resolve this contradiction? One answer lies in the way in which we perceive the world. There are essentially two worlds in nature. The world that we see: the macro world, the world of Newtonian physics, and the world of the very, very small: the world of quantum physics. Quantum physics essentially shows us that far from being totally predictable, the paths of particles are unknowable, because the act of observing a particle will alter it or its path in some way. Thus, rather than dealing with absolute positions, directions and speeds quantum physics uses statistics to predict the position of particles. This means that for a given particle we only have a probability of where it will be. Now the behaviour of large numbers of particles is much easier because lots of these elusive particles acting together and in relation to each other (as in matter) become more predictable. Why? 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Although how we were raised in the home play a major role with the choices we make in our entire lives as an individual. I do believe that morals have a strong factor in free will and determinism. Hom es that teach moralsRead MoreThe View On Free Will1264 Words   |  6 PagesAvalon Singer 29 September 2014 Topic 1: What I Believe is the Correct View on Free Will We are raised to believe that we are the makers of our own destiny. Every decision we make is our own, and we are free citizens in every sense of the word. Although this thought is comforting, I do not consider it to be true. I think that free will is an illusion. The idea of free will is what keeps us sane and motivates us in our lives, but is not what controls our lives. I presume that our world isRead MoreThe Theory Of Free Will950 Words   |  4 PagesAs a concept, free will offers a tremendous opportunity to pursue rationality of purpose. Within this rationality, individuals find wisdom whenever they exercise it appropriately. 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Fear-Definition Paper - 1020 Words

Fear Heart pounding, heavy breathing, and pale skin are all triggered by what is known as fear. But what is fear, really? Is it simply just being afraid? Are there things that should be feared? Can a person control fear? These questions can be thought-provoking at best but they all lead to the same answer. Fear is what overcomes the mind when a person is put into a situation they dont know how to handle. Fear can be expressed in many ways, such as crying, screaming, sweating, silence, running, hiding, and much more. Fear is like that moment of not knowing what is going to happen. Certain situations call for different actions. For example, a young woman is sitting at home watching tv when all of a sudden the back door crashes†¦show more content†¦As she is checking out, she notices that one man in line has something sticking out of his coat pocket. As she looks closer, she realizes its a gun and immediately begins to breath heavy. The man with the gun is just an undercover cop picking some things up. When the woman realizes this, she begins to calm down. Her expression of fear was breathing heavy. Just the sight of a gun, lets the fear set in and take over. For her it brings up bad memories of the past. Coping with fear is a hard thing to do, but it is the only thing some people can do. While coping is an option, some people try to face their fears. Can someone overcome a fear, if said fear has not been experienced? If a man has a fear of skydiving, but has never actually done it, can he truly fear it? Other factors can play a role, such as if the man is afraid of heights due to a bad experience or if the man has asthma. If the man has a fear of heights, then it would be assumed that he would have a fear of skydiving. But if the man just feared skydiving by itself, would he face his fear by skydiving? Yes, he would. To overcome a fear doesnt always mean it has to be experienced. The man could of witnessed another guy fall to his death from skydiving and now fear death. Everyone experiences fear at one point in their life. The experiences may vary greatly, but fear is still outcome. Without fear boundaries would not matter. What is stopping a person from robbing a bank? Fear.Show MoreRelatedUnited States Department Of State1748 Words   |  7 Pagesviole nce, the fear they instill in the population, and the influence they have on policy shows that these organizations should be considered as more than petty criminals trying to make money. While economic gain remains one of the main goals of these groups, there is much that falls under the umbrella of terrorism.   Terrorism, while difficult to define, still has a few key features that are mostly agreed upon. These features will be explored in depth through a discussion of the definition. FollowingRead MoreEssay on What is Plagiarism and How to Avoid It557 Words   |  3 Pagesto avoid it has been a major question on every students’ mind. Sure it is easy just to copy and paste and take all the credit for the work that another individual put in, but is it worth it? According to WPA, Writing Program Administrators, the definition of plagiarism as states, â€Å"plagiarism occurs when a writer deliberately uses someone else’s language, ideas, or other original (not common-knowledge) material without acknowledging its source.† Plagiarism has always concerned teachers and administratorsRead MoreDifficulties Of Defining Terrorism And Terrorism807 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract The purpose of this paper is to discuss the difficulties defining terrorism. I will focus on four government agencies definitions of terrorism. I will then choose two to compare and contrast. Then I will choose one definition of the four agencies that I believe most accurately defines terrorism. Difficulties of Defining Terrorism The definition of terrorism may give an enormous impetus in the way of combating terrorism. There is no single, universal definition of terrorism. It is generalizedRead MoreList Of Definitions Of Terrorism Essay969 Words   |  4 Pagesmeans to combat future acts of terrorism. Although the literature presents these main themes in a variety of perspectives, this paper will primarily focus on their applicability to the terrorist lifecycle. Defining Terrorism What is a terrorist? Before we can determine the likelihood of developing a terrorist profile, it is important to review the current definition for ‘terrorism’. The definitive value for this label has varied throughout time as governments and administrations change and asRead MoreIntro to Intellecutal Disability1110 Words   |  5 Pagescourse the students’ parents. This paper was designed to answer a few questions about ID and the concerns that these educators have in regards to the terminology of ID. The issues with ID laws and the identification process for student with ID. Their concerns with the definition and classification of students with ID as well as the impact of characteristics of ID on learning, social attitudes, and curricular needs were also discussed. For the purpose of this paper only the Special Educator and GeneralRead MoreLanguage Paper1243 Words   |  5 PagesLanguage Paper PSY 360 Language Paper Language is something that generally every human has as a form of communication. It can be in the form of verbal words, in the form of written words, or even in the form of signed words, but it is something that as humans we all use in one way or another. The need for language evolved as a way for people to express their thoughts, their feelings and emotions, and even their fears. Humans needed a way to communicate with each other to express thingsRead MoreTerrorism is not a derogatory moral classification; rather, it is a mode of warfare1600 Words   |  7 Pagesstereotyping, and why is it so important that people realize this mistake? Through the points in this paper, I hope to explain the historical part of terrorism and not only how that has molded terrorism today but why terrorism isn’t a derogatory moral classification. In this paper I will address three things about terrorism: 1. Terrorism and it’s definition and history. 2. The way it’s used. 3. Terrorism’s trueRead MoreImplementing Multicultural Education Essay1113 Words   |  5 Pageseducation that is discussed, there are always those who disagree with that change. These critics deem that they are problems that exist with the concept of multicultural education. One argument against multicultural education is the fear that the lack of a clear definition will essentially confuse teachers which will affect the classroom. Professor Ryan, a professor of education at Lasalle University states that â€Å"the term multicultural education is a slogan. It means different things to different peopleRead MoreThe Kotter s Model Of Change Management880 Words   |  4 Pagesresearch paper introduces the reader to the concept of change management in a corporation. Change management is an important aspect applicable to any organization. It entails the technology employed to effect change in an organization. There are many models of change management; howe ver, this paper focuses on the Kotter’s model of change management. The Kotter’s model of change management dictates that the change leader use eight steps to effect change in the organization. The research paper seeks toRead MoreCauses and Effects of Stress on Our Lives808 Words   |  3 Pagesmain cause of stress, which can lead someone to be nervous, crazy or angry. Not all stress are harmful, an equalized amount of stress maximizes health. Humans need some stress for emotional well-being. The fundamentals that causes stress are noise, fear, pressure from work or family, worrying a lot and working too much or too hard at your jobs, schools or home. Body Paragraph 1 Firstly, worrying too much about things can lead or cause awful stress. The human needs to be relaxed and unworried about

How Is Working Experience Beneficial to Future Career

What evidence is there to suggest that work experience is beneficial to your future career? As future career could determine the status and income level of people, it has been concerned and discussed by most graduated students. However, according to the report ‘ Journal of Marketing Education’, the U.S. Labor Department anticipated that there would be only 14million college-level jobs for about 18 million graduates in 2005 (Gualt, et.al. 2000) and the graduates should realize that it has been more difficult to find a job in fierce competition. Meanwhile, the former Secretary of Labour Robert Reich suggested that professional skill training and internship experiences are required by 80% of these college-level jobs (Gualt, et al. 2000).†¦show more content†¦And the salary of interns, either starting or current salary, is higher as well. Interns get 2240 dollars more on starting salary and 4600 dollars more on current salary than the noninterns. The report, ‘the graduate market in 2012’, also indicated that more than 50% of recruiters warn th at graduates without any previous work experience are unlikely to be successful during the selection process and get low opportunity to receive a job offer (Highfliers, 2012). Therefore, undoubtedly, work experience would enhance the chance of finding a job and increase students’ income level. Finally, the work experience could lead to higher job satisfaction. That is because of better extrinsic reward such as salary and benefits. And the lead author of the Careers- in Theory blog, David Winter pointed out, ‘as you do more things, your confidence will increase’ (White, 2011). Then greater confidence will lead to higher motivation level and better performance in work. However, for some businesses, a student enrolled at nationally recognized universities is another choice. Even the students there have no working experience. The report, ‘Journal of Marketing Education’ indicated that career success could be influenced by the prestige of the intern employer (Gault, et al. 2000). That means that work experience is not always good. If you had internship in a unethical company for example, the experience of working there might be counterproductive for your future career. InShow MoreRelatedWorking at the Fast Food Industry859 Words   |  3 Pagespopular chain that provides food for consumers but is working at the fast food industry the best working experience a person could have? Fast food restaurants have a reputation, and in the present, they’re labeled as â€Å"the worst jobs,† but there are some positive things about working in the fast food industry such as learning and developing skills at an early age. In â€Å"Working at McDonalds,† Amitai Etzioni argues that high school students working in the fast food industry are put at risk because theyRead MoreEssay on The Changing World of Work1176 Words   |  5 PagesWork For this assignment the aim of the report it going to focus and explain on how such organisations benefit from career management and in what ways career management benefits individuals. The demand for excellent people is always high but the supply, unfortunately, always falls well short of demand. The naturally excellent sales person, manager, accountant and so on, is already working for someone else perhaps in his or her own business and there is short fall for Read MoreImportance Of Work Experience1354 Words   |  6 Pagesof students who have participated in work experience over the years, this can be mainly due to the fact that work experience has been heavily promoted by universities and employers. However, undergraduates still lack the proper understanding of the true benefit work experience offers as they view work experience as a chore rather than a valuable experience. Therefore, the range of academia explored in this essay demonstrates the necessity of work experience within undergraduates in order to expandRead MoreJob As An Intern For The Arlington County Board901 Words   |  4 Pages I got the job through my school program in high school called â€Å"Urban Alliance†. It is a one year program where students have the opportunity to work in a professional environment and to also gain beneficial experiences for their future careers. Acquiring a job in this program is a lot more beneficial than the jobs most teenagers have today. The Arlington County Board are responsible for tax rate and county regulations such as speed limits, traffic lights, stop signs, and etc. The county board membersRead MoreWhat Evidence Is There to Suggest That Work Experience Is Beneficial to Your Future Career?1650 Words   |  7 PagesWhat evidence is there to suggest that work experience is beneficial to your future career? This essay is focused on the study of advantages on future career brought by work experience among graduates.With the growing popularity of so called sandwich courses among universities in UK and Australia, many students would like to spend several months or even one more year for the chance of working in the industry before graduation from universities. A sandwich course is usually organizedRead MoreMy Path Into Speech Pathology972 Words   |  4 Pageswonder service-learning site to gain valuable career experiences. I would have the opportunity to incorporate my knowledge from previous classes with hands on experience with patients and staff members. Vidant Medical Center is a general medical and surgical hospital. Therefore, it serves an assortment of patients from pediatric to geriatric. The hospital offers several activities and services that could correlate with college students’ major or career interest. Some volunteers have the opportunityRead MoreAttending The Interprofessional Education931 Words   |  4 PagesAttending the â€Å"Interprofessional Education† (IPE) session was extremely beneficial and informational for me as an occupational therapy (OT) student. It was beneficial for me for one of two reasons: first it enabled me to inform and educate other professional students about OT. We are told in our program that many professions are unaware of what we do, and that we have to continuously advocate and educate others on what we do and why our profession is so important, in order to remain a professionRead MoreHow Planning A Program Has Brought Me1326 Words   |  6 Pageswhat are important aspects of planning a program. What was truly great about this experience was the idea that we would be helping others. I will discuss what I have learned from developing the program to the conclusion of the event. Furthermore, I will talk about what I can do differently the next time I am apart of a group that is planning a progra m. Also, there will be sections about what I would change for future programs or what I can take away from the planning of this specific program. 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I tend to take charge and sometimes neglect the quiet people in the group. I also do not really have the patience when group members do not accomplish their fair share of the work. With this I am also showing that I am an extrovert, while

Differential in Views on Movie Rating Classification Free Essays

Ordinance to classify the public entertainment (i. e. movies, shows) provided the audience with the convenient way to judge the degree of exposure of questionable material, like sexually explicit topics or nudity. We will write a custom essay sample on Differential in Views on Movie Rating Classification or any similar topic only for you Order Now The government officials in appropriate departments initiated the type of rating for such entertainment without surveying for general public opinion. Thus, it is a logical deduction that there would be some differential toward the rating classification present between the established norms and the common attitude. This paper will investigate the general public opinion through surveying a large sample with the consecutive data analysis. The data will be collected using the specially designed questionnaire questions in which the content will specifically target the participants’ attitude toward the target. The participants will be divided into four groups: 1) Married adults with children, 2) Single adults without children, 3) Teenagers, 4) Children. The participants will be elected through the randomization methodology to avoid any bias. There will be total of 1200 participants divided equally into four aforementioned groups. Our Null Hypothesis will be as follows: No: There is a differentiation in attitude toward the media rating classification between the established ordinance and the public opinion. Our Alternative Hypothesis will be: H1: The differentiation in attitude is insignificant The variables will be: age, family status, degree of attitude. (Attitude can be measured using one to five scale). To increase validity, we propose the implementation of the questionnaire twice: one in the beginning of one-month interval and another at the end of it. This is an optional feature that would preclude questions about participant moods during the time when they will answer questions and the external factors that might influence their answers. The statistics will be calculated with the computer-based software programs, like SPSS. Also, we will examine data against any correlations, like possible high correlation between the adults with children’s attitudes and that of the government officials. Additionally, we must consider necessary project costs, as in follows. Our expenses will be absorbed by photocopying, traveling, and analysis expenses, all totaling to $ 4,800 (four thousand eight hundred USD). The project is deemed to take a bit over six weeks time and will be conducted from June 1 through July 19th. How to cite Differential in Views on Movie Rating Classification, Papers

Bachelor of Early Childhood Education and Care †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Bachelor of Early Childhood Education and Care. Answer: Early childhood education is significant for every country and the government needs to give more focus on early childhood education (Davis Elliott, 2017). In Australia, early childhood education got progress in year 2008. However, Australian government has taken necessary steps to enhance the early childhood education in their country. As per Australian government policy, early childhood education is crucial for every child. In Australia, as per the government rule, good quality education is delivered to children by high qualified teachers in school (Arthur et al., 2017). Public, private and community-based pre-schools are developed to enhance the early childhood education. The major aim of this policy is to restructure the pre-school in Australia (Logan, Sumsion Press, 2015). This study deals with the role of Australian state and territory approaches to enhance early childhood education program. Australian state approaches include various documentations for early childhood education. In order to admit a child in a pre-school birth certificate is required. On the other hand, the teachers should have graduation degree to apply for the teaching post in pre-school. Australian State Government developed EYLF or early years learning framework (Bowes Grace, 2014). According to this framework, many teachers are recruited for a pre-school program who have knowledge of different languages. There is a scope of 12 languages in early childhood program as per Australian sate documentation program in early childhood. Apart from these, the documentation of state approach in Australia includes a method, which leads children to actively engage in their study (Smith, Tesar Myers, 2016). Therefore, consistency of approach from all educators is required. The documentation includes evidence regarding the decision-making of children about their own development and learning program. There is a big debate about the availability of time for completion of documentation I children education and the time spent with children (Earlychildhoodaustralia.org.au, 2018). As per Australian territory approach, the educators often go to children's home to complete the documentation process within their paid shift time. Therefore, the childhood educator should be sophisticated and have diverse skills in order to work with the children. However, due to low pay scale, it is not possible for the educators to go to children's home for documentation program. In Australian territory approaches it has been found that legislation and framework are generated for the documentation of Childrens learning in Australia. The professional standard council is associated to define a profession. However, the professionals should have special knowledge and skills to provide education at early childhood. Establishment of Australian Childrens Education and Care Quality Authority or ACECQA shows that the educators should be reflective while providing education to children. Meaningful documentation is shared with children's families as it will help them to make a future planning for their children. Principles of EYLF and FSAC are included in this documentation process (Aifs.gov.au, 2018). On the other hand, the progress report of the children is included in this documentation process, which highlights the development of children in their early childhood program. From the above analysis, it can be said that Australian territory approaches are useful for documentation of early childhood documentation in comparison to state approaches. Australian State based educational system introduced a national school curriculum. As per this curriculum, a restructure has developed in the pre-school program. However, the health check is mandatory for the children during their school program. This is a good initiative for the children in pre-school education. Victoria department of human service has taken parenting strategy to improve the learning of parents as it will help the children to enhance their knowledge at early childhood education (Earlychildhoodaustralia.org.au, 2018). The aim of this approach is to meet the educational needs of the children those are vulnerable. Establishment of play-based learning is another vital area of state approach in early childhood education. According to Early Years, Learning Framework play-based learning is an important tool to enhance the early-childhood education (Education.nt.gov.au, 2018). This enables the children to refresh their mind and to involve in education in a proper way. Learn ing through the play allows children to make a sense regarding their social world. As a result, children can actively take part with people and objects in society. Play-based learning is beneficial for the children to develop their brain (Australia.gov.au, 2018). Based on this approach the educators also need to create a physical environment for children to enhance their play. Australia Children's education and care quality commission have taken continuous improvement process to enhance the early childhood education process. This framework ensures the consistency of delivery of education among the children. Australian Early Development census includes survey technique through which they can identify how many children are involved in full-time education (Smith, Tesar Myers, 2016). Australian State approach includes early childhood and child care policy, which is beneficial for children to get care process during early childhood education. On the other hand, as per early years learning framework, the description of practices and principles is undertaken, which enhances and supports the learning process of young children from their birth to five years. Victorian Early Years Learning and Development Framework focuses on the learning process of children from birth to eight years. This framework includes a broad range of professionals to provide education in school and early childhood settings. Apart from this such framework also supports the health activity of children, family involvement and childhood intervention (Vcaa.vic.edu.au, 2018). Development of this framework is an effective state approach as well as planning for early childhood education in Australia. This framework allows the professionals to work with children in an effective manner. Therefore, the professionals in early childhood education should encourage the families to involve in an educational program. Hence, the professionals provide a valuable guide to children's family, which allows them to support their children in their education. Children are categorized under this framework from their birth to first eight years. This framework provides a guiding principle and shared a language to gain the best outcome in childrens early childhood education. Another effect of such learning framework is to review the current policies and practices regarding the childhood education program. This is helpful to identify the necessary supports to enhance the learning process of children. Victoria is the education state in Australia has a record of investing $2021 million in an early childhood education program. The main focus of Victoria government is to give the best life to children at their early stage of life. Introduction of Early Childhood Reform plan highlights the vision of Victoria government. As per this plan children who need most will get the maximum support from the government to increase their educational program. This initiative is valuable to generate a more equitable as well as inclusive early childhood education system in Australia. This plan provides $108.4 million to kindergarten to deliver the high quality educational program to children (Australia.gov.au, 2018). Therefore, $5.4 million help is given to Koorie families to enhance their childrens learning and development program. Besides the state approaches Northern Territory Branch has taken a major initiative to enhance early childhood education in Australia. Establishment of Northern Territory Inclusion Agency or NT-IA was an effective approach, which contributes more to developing learning program for children (Education.nt.gov.au, 2018). This agency involves in identifying social justice, quality, equity and other issues regarding the education and childcare. Children can get support from this agency from their birth to first eight years of education. This branch communicates with parents, schools, government, and community on behalf of children. This agency is involved in generating high standard practice in early childhood sectors. They also reflect on government policy to improve the learning process of children. However, the Northern Territory Branch inclusion support agency. This agency operates in 67 regions to deliver early childhood education and care along with practical support. This agency ge nerates a quality inclusive environment for children with additional needs. This eradicates all barriers from the educational system and influences the children to participate in an early childhood education program. The purpose of this agency is to generate high-quality care for children during their education. They focus on the development of discrimination-free environment in children's learning process. Based on the above analysis between the state and territory approaches of early childhood program it has been received that Victorian government has a great contribution in early childhood learning, however, the inclusive education by Northern territory inclusion was more effective than state approach. However, both approaches are beneficial for children and both enhance the learning program for children. Establishment of early childhood reform plan is a major initiative for children to increase their learning program by providing huge financial support to children. On the other hand, the inclusive educational program by NT removes all barrier of early childhood education. State approaches provide support for all children in their educational program while NT includes special initiatives for the children those are disabled. This is a major positive outcome of Australian Territory approaches (Education.nt.gov.au, 2018). Hence, it can be evaluated that both state and territory approach es are significant to enhance the learning process of children in Australia and both have specific importance in early childhood education program. This analysis highlights the advantages of territory and state policies in enhancing the early childhood education plan. The territory and state government approaches are useful to assess the learning process of Australia in early childhood program. However, assessment is done by evaluating the current policies and practices in Australia. NT evaluates the major practices in Australia, which is helpful to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of Australian polices in childhood education program (Bowes Grace, 2014). Assessment can be done by analyzing the major skill of educators. As per the assessment, it has been revealed that the educators of early childhood program need to gain knowledge of different language. This will be beneficial for children to enhance early childhood setting. As per the United Nations Conventions and Rights of the Child 1989 and National Quality Framework it is crucial to protect the right of children by providing them proper education (Decd.sa.gov.au, 2018). In order to provide value to children high-quality pedagogy based on the children's ability is important. However, a reflection of children's right refers to a need for reflection on pedagogy. The development of the children depends on how the educator teaches them. Pedagogy refers to the method of teaching children. It is important for educators to identify the best learning process to teach a child. For this purpose, culturally competent educators are required to teach the children. The educators should show responsiveness to childrens right while teaching them. This is an effective method to teach the children. Australian government focuses on curriculum decision-making process, which covers all interactions, routines, and activities in a learning process. Providing a reach environment that means an environment, which is full of wonder is essential to enhance the learning process for children. Development of such learning environment is an essential step of Australian government in a pre-school learning process. Therefore, the state pedagogical approach includes flexible routine in a learning process, which support both play and learning. As per the above analysis, it has been discussed previously that play-based learning is a useful approach for children to enhance their early childhood education (Earlychildhoodaustralia.org.au, 2018). Introduction of inclusive and dynamic learning environment is one of the major pedagogical approaches of Australian territory learning process (Bowes Grace, 2014). This approach offers a constructive environment for early-childhood education. On the other hand, intentional teaching is another pedagogical approach of Australian territory. In this method, learning is carried by facing challenging experience. Based on the State and Australian Territory pedagogical approach it has been found that each method has a specific contribution to early childhood learning as every method focuses on a specific area of the learning process. The above piece of work reveals Australian State and Territory approach in the context of early childhood education. It has been received from the above analysis that state and territory approaches have a specific role in enhancing the child learning process. On the other hand, introduction of play-based learning is an important part of Australian state early childhood education. Therefore, early childhood reform plan is an effective initiative of Australian state approach. Therefore, Australian territory approach includes inclusive education, which reduces any learning barrier by focusing on educational need of children. Different states of Australia have some similar and different methods that are followed to enhance the early childhood education. As for example, South Australia focuses on play-based learning approach system. Hence, the government of this State influences the per-schools to incorporate play-based learning system in their education. On the other hand, Northern Territory includes inclusive education process by involving parents in this system. Apart from these Western Australia, Queensland and Victoria State are involved in developing early childhood care with education (Education.nt.gov.au, 2018). In Sydney this pedagogical approach is also followed. Based on the above comparisons of different states in Australia it can be said that Northern Territory has an unique early childhood education in comparison to other states of Australia. On the other hand, each state government of Australia has taken major initiative to enhance the childhood education in this country. References Aifs.gov.au. (2018).Early childhood policy. Retrieved 19 March 2018, from https://aifs.gov.au/cfca/bibliography/early-childhood-policy Arthur, L., Beecher, B., Death, E., Dockett, S., Farmer, S. (2017).Programming and Planning in Early Childhood Settings with Student Resource Access 12 Months. Cengage AU. Australia.gov.au. (2018). Early childhood. Retrieved 19 March 2018, from https://www.australia.gov.au/information-and-services/education-and-training/early-childhood Bowes, J., Grace, R. (2014). Review of early childhood parenting, education and health intervention programs for Indigenous children and families in Australia. Davis, J., Elliott, S. (Eds.). (2014).Research in early childhood education for sustainability: International perspectives and provocations. Routledge. Decd.sa.gov.au. (2018).Perspectives on Pedagogy. Retrieved 19 March 2018, from https://www.decd.sa.gov.au/sites/g/files/net691/f/perspectives_on_pedagogy_early_years_learning_framework.pdf?v=1456704111 Earlychildhoodaustralia.org.au (2018). Early childhood Australia. Retrieved 19 March 2018, from https://www.earlychildhoodaustralia.org.au/state-territory-branches/nt/ Earlychildhoodaustralia.org.au. (2018). Why play-based learning. Retrieved 19 March 2018, from https://www.earlychildhoodaustralia.org.au/our-publications/every-child-magazine/every-child-index/every-child-vol-16-3-2010/play-based-learning-free-article/ Education.nt.gov.au. (2018). Early Years Learning Framework. Retrieved 19 March 2018, from https://www.education.gov.au/early-years-learning-framework-0 Education.nt.gov.au. (2018). Northern territory pre-school curriculum. Retrieved 19 March 2018, from https://education.nt.gov.au/education/support-for-teachers/nt-preschool-curriculum Logan, H., Sumsion, J., Press, F. (2015). The Council of Australian Government Reforms [20072013]: a critical juncture in Australian early childhood education and care (ECEC) policy?.International Journal of Child Care and Education Policy,9(1), 8. Smith, K., Tesar, M., Myers, C. Y. (2016). Edu-capitalism and the governing of early childhood education and care in Australia, New Zealand and the United States.Global Studies of Childhood,6(1), 123-135. Vcaa.vic.edu.au. (2018). Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority. Retrieved 19 March 2018, from https://www.vcaa.vic.edu.au/Pages/earlyyears/index.aspx